Global market for veterinary herbal products during the 2018-2019 period

A fabricação industrial de produtos naturais para uso animal é uma das grandes fragilidades do setor veterinário, apesar de um crescente interesse e do suporte dado pelos conhecimentos tradicionais ancestrais. Foi realizado um estudo observacional descritivo transversal para caracterizar os fitoterápicos veterinários comercializados mundialmente no período de 2018-2019 através de uma busca temática exaustiva nas bases de dados ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, ResearchGate e Academic Search Complete. O estudo mostrou a existência de 487 produtos registrados no mercado mundial, fabricados por 54 empresas, lideradas pela Índia, Holanda e Reino Unido. Os segmentos Danimal produtivo e fitomedicamentos dominam o mercado com 73,7% e 53,0% dos produtos, respectivamente. Bovinos (22,2%), ovinos-cabras (16,2%) e caninos (16,2%) foram as espécies mais favorecidas. As indicações terapêuticas mais representadas foram aquelas destinadas à correção de distúrbios gastrointestinais (30,47%), antimicrobianos (16,66%) e antiparasitários (10,47%). Devido à alta frequência de uso, destacam se as famílias Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Malvaceae e Rutaceae, que compreendem 35,0% das 137 espécies declaradas a saber, Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees e Withania somnífera (Lin) Dunal, são as mais importantes. Constatou-se que as formulações para uso interno via oral (72%) e líquida (51%) em embalagens de 100, 500 e 1000 mL são as que prevalecem no mercado. O mercado global de produtos fitoterápicos durante o período de 2018-2019 foi relevante para animais produtivos e o setor médico. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre as espécies de plantas medicinais utilizadas em formulações de produtos fitoterápicos para uso humano e animal.The industrial manufacturing of natural products for veterinary use represents a major weakness in the veterinary sector despite increased interest and the traditional ancestral knowledge that supports them. A cross-sectional, descriptive observational study was conducted to characterize the veterinary herbal products marketed worldwide during 2018 and 2019. A comprehensive thematic search limited to the 2018-2019 period was performed in the ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, ResearchGate, and Academic Search Complete databases. The investigation identified 487 products registered in the global market manufactured by 54 companies, led by India, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. The market segments of animal production and phytomedicines were dominant with 73.7% and 53.0% of products, respectively. Cattle (22.2%), sheep-goats (16.2%), and canines (16.2%) were the most favored species. The most represented therapeutic indications were those intended to treat gastrointestinal disorders (30.47%), antimicrobials (16.66%), and antiparasitic agents (10.47%). The families Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Malvaceae, and Rutaceae stood out because of their frequent use, encompassing 35.0% of the 137 declared species. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees and Withania somnifera (Lin) Dunal were the most important species. Oral formulations for internal use (72%) and liquids (51%) in 100 mL, 500 mL, and 1 L presentations showed the highest prevalence on the market. The global market for veterinary herbal products during the 2018-2019 period was relevant in the productive and medical animal sector. No differences were found between medicinal plant species used to formulate herbal products for human and animal use

Collection of empirical knowledge on the treatment of livestock with medicinal plants and natural substances in Bavaria

(Ethno-)veterinary relevance: While the interest in finding medical solutions for the worldwide antibiotics crisis is rising, the dwindling legal possibility of simplified authorization of veterinary herbal medicinal products is causing problems. Important bases for both the preservation and for the further development of the knowledge base of veterinary herbal medicine are, on the one hand, ethnoveterinary research and, on the other hand, historical written sources on the treatment of farm animals with medicinal plants. There is only limited systematic ethnoveterinary research in Europe so far, with the exceptions of the Mediterranean region, Switzerland and Austria. In this study, a survey on the ethnoveterinary knowledge of farmers in all seven districts of Bavaria was conducted and two regional historical textbooks were analyzed. Aim of the study: This study documented the indigenous veterinary knowledge about livestock in the whole of Bavaria (including local historical book knowledge and a broadly based ethnoveterinary study) to discover opportunities for the future development of European veterinary phytotherapy, and analyzed them both in terms of lawfulness and related to the content. Material and methods: 77 semi-structured interviews with 101 farmers from different types of farms were conducted in 2018/2019. Detailed information about homemade herbal remedies (plant species, plant part, manufacturing process, source of knowledge) and the corresponding use reports (target animal species, category of use, route of administration, dosage, source of knowledge, frequency of use, last time of use and farmers satisfaction) were collected. To compare the data with the literature, the use reports of two historical textbooks from South Germany were analyzed and compared to the present Bavarian field study. Results: A total of 716 homemade remedy reports (HRs) for altogether 884 use reports (URs) were documented in the interviews with the farmers. Thereof, the 363 HRs that consisted of a single plant species with or without other natural products (HSHRs) were analyzed in more detail. These HSHRs were prepared from 108 plant species belonging to 57 botanical families. Calendula officinalis L. (from the family of Asteraceae), Linum usitatissimum L. (Linaceae) and Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) were the most often documented species. A total of 484 URs were gathered for the 363 HSHRs. The largest number of URs was for treatments of gastrointestinal disorders and metabolic dysfunctions, followed by skin alterations and sores. For nearly half of the URs the source of knowledge was family and friends. For 80 URs the source of knowledge was different from that of the corresponding HSHRs. For 68% of the URs farmers mentioned at least one use during the last 5 years. Half of the plant species that were mentioned in the historical literature were also mentioned in recent URs. Conclusion: In Bavaria, homemade remedies mainly based on medicinal plants are still known and actively used by farmers with a high level of satisfaction on large and small, organic and conventional farms. In particular, there is a great deal of agreement with studies from neighboring countries to the south and with regional book knowledge. This shows a certain traditionality in ethnoveterinary medicine in Europe. It was also found that this knowledge is not passed on from generation to generation in a purely static way, but is dynamically developed by the users in almost one fifth of the cases. Furthermore, ethnoveterinary research combined with data from historical sources may facilitate the discussion about a simplified registration for traditional herbal veterinary medicinal products

Tanzania Country Climate Risk Profile Series, Mufindi District

The agricultural sector in Tanzania is facing high climatic risks. Frequent and severe temperature and precipitation, recurrent droughts and increased incidences of pests and diseases are some of the climate effects that have been observed. Catalyzed with rising input prices and price volatility, there has been a decline in food productivity and farmer incomes. The natural resources that support agricultural production—including rivers and forests—are also degrading due to extreme climate events. Projections indicate that these trends are likely to worsen in the coming decades, with temperatures increasing by nearly 2.7°C by and 4.5°C by 2060 and 2090 respectively (Irish Aid , 2018). At the same time, both day and night temperatures will become more extreme, and precipitation will begin to vary more dramatically by geographic area. Smallholder farmers are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change because of their low access to the resources needed to adapt to changing conditions. Among smallholders, women are more vulnerable due to their outsized role in agriculture and the social limitations placed on their decision-making and inclusion. A lack of coordination and information symmetry between stakeholders have prevented the full implementation of policies aimed at mitigating climate change. The government, with the support of development partners, has put in place a number of policies, strategies and guidelines to address climate change. The National Agriculture Policy (2013), National Climate Change Strategy (2012), National Adaptation Programme of Action (2007), and the Climate Smart Agriculture guideline (2007) provide a framework for creating agricultural resiliency in the face of climate change. This Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) Profile documents the need for, and adoption of CSA practices at the local level in Mufindi District. This profile is an output of the CSA/SuPER project on Upscaling CSA with Small-Scale Food Producers Organized through Village Savings and Lending Associations (VSLA). The project is implemented by Cooperative Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE) International, the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) (now part of the Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT), Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), and Wageningen University and Research (WUR). Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to gather the information herein, in accordance with the methodology employed by Mwongera et al. (2015). Secondary information was collected through an extensive literature review. Primary information was collected from interviews with agricultural experts, farmer focus group discussions, stakeholder workshops, and farmer interviews in the Mufindi District. This profile is organized into six major sections based on the analytical steps of the study. The first section describes the contextual importance of agriculture to Mufindi livelihoods and households. The second describes historic and future climatic trends. The third section highlights farmers’ priority value chains. The fourth section addresses the challenges and cross-cutting issues in the sector. The fifth section details climate hazards experienced by farmers, as well as the current and proposed adaptation strategies. Finally, the sixth section outlines the policies related to CSA and the institutions that facilitate implementation of climate change initiatives

The influence of selected factors on the use of herbal products

Competitiveness associated with the herbal industry in both developed and developing countries is quickly gaining momentum, mainly because of the medicinal benefits incurred to customers. Alternatively, prior studies have shown that herbal product consumption in a developing country is largely centered on the tendency to substitute herbal products for remedies associated with modern medicine. Given the purported benefits associated with the use of herbal products from the perspective of developing countries, only a limited amount of studies have focused on the demographic inclination and use of herbal products in the developing world. The present research concentrates on the situation in Ghana with the goal of examining the influence of specific demographic features as well as the degree of product processing in terms of how consumer choice is affected. To this end, 250 self-administered questionnaires were distributed randomly to herbal consumers in the Jaman North District in the Bono Region of Ghana, out of which 207 valid responses were analyzed using a nonparametric test. Our findings revealed that gender, age, and occupation have no positive relationship to the use of an herbal product. However, both consumers' educational level and the degree of product processing have a significant positive relationship regarding the choice of using herbal product. The present study not only adds to the literature, but offers an empirical understanding of Ghanaian consumer characteristics regarding herbal product consumption to aid production and marketing entities in establishing and sustaining competitive advantages.Internal Grant Agency of FaME through TBU in Zlin [IGA/FaME/2019/008

Antibiotic application and resistance in swine production in China: current situation and future perspectives

To meet increasing demand for animal protein, swine have been raised in large Chinese farms widely, using antibiotics as growth promoter. However, improper use of antibiotics has caused serious environmental and health risks, in particular Antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This paper reviews the consumption of antibiotics in swine production as well as AMR and the development of novel antibiotics or alternatives in China. The estimated application of antibiotics in animal production in China accounted for about 84240 tons in 2013. Overuse and abuse of antibiotics pose a great health risk to people through food-borne antibiotic residues and selection for antibiotic resistance. China unveiled a national plan to tackle antibiotic resistance in August 2016, but more support is needed for the development of new antibiotics or alternatives like plant extracts. Antibiotic resistance has been a major global challenge, so international collaboration between China and Europe is needed

Cinnamon as a Potential Feed Additive: Beneficial Effects on Poultry Health and Production Performances – An Update

According to the Food and Agricultural Organization, global poultry output increased from approximately 115 million tons in 2016 to around 136 million tons in 2023. Poultry production has increased significantly with the dramatic uptick in meat and egg demand. Feed accounts for between 65 and 70 percent of total production costs, making it the largest chicken industry expense. This is why it's important to maximize the transformation of poultry feed into feed with a high biological value while taking as many steps as possible to protect feed quality and reduce feed costs. The use of feed additives in poultry feed has recently gained popularity and has been essential to increase feed efficiency and growth rate, which typically leads to reduced costs. The meat's texture, consistency, and nutritional content are all improved, and its shelf life is lengthened as a bonus. Feed additives are a fantastic tool for boosting a poultry farm's bottom line. For example, cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) is often used as a traditional feed supplement. Rather than antibiotics, the poultry industry could benefit from using cinnamon as a natural antibiotic replacement, which would benefit animal welfare, consumer health, and the bottom line. The performance index, feed intake, FCE performance, and weight growth of poultry can all be improved by including cinnamon in the feed at varied concentrations. The digestive health and intestinal microbial population of hens are enhanced by a diet containing bioactive components of cinnamon. Cinnamon essential oils' popularity stems from their many valuable features, such as their ability to increase gastric enzyme synthesis and other biofunctional benefits. This review focuses on the possible advantages of cinnamon as a natural feed supplement for chickens, particularly about their intestinal microbiota, blood chemistry, nutrient absorption, gene expression, and immunology

Veterinary Drug Residues in Meat and Meat Products: Occurrence, Detection and Implications

Application of veterinary drugs in livestock production is inevitable as they are essential for treatment of diseases, prevention of diseases, modification of physiological functions, improvement of growth and productivity as well as for ensuring food safety. However, recent reports have revealed that the use of veterinary drugs in large amounts and consistently could result in deposition of antimicrobial residues in muscle and organs of animal. Consumption of these residues in animal products may pose health risk to consumers including development of antibiotic resistance bacteria, allergy, reproductive disorder and hypersensitivity reaction. It is in line with this that this chapter seeks to examine the cause, occurrence, mode of detection, health implication and possible solution to veterinary drugs residues in meat and meat products

Potential benefits of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Liquorice) herb, its chemical make-up and significance in safeguarding poultry health: Current scientific knowledge

Positive results have been seen when bioactive components from herbal plants are added to poultry diets. Efficacy in feeding, digestion of nutrients, antioxidant health, immunological indices, and other factors can all be improved with the help of these additives, which in turn increases growth rates and improves poultry welfare. Several researchers have used sophisticated herbal formulae that included Glycyrrhiza glabra (Liquorice) as an ingredient. Epidemic illnesses, mainly in the respiratory, digestive, and immunological systems, pose the greatest threat to the poultry business. Flavonoids and glycyrrhizin are two of the bioactive compounds in Liquorice. The roots of this plant contain glycyrrhizin at concentrations of 1-9%, which has numerous pharmacological benefits, including anti-infectious, antioxidant, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties. Liquorice extracts are helpful in the treatment of multiple common illnesses. These include problems with the liver, the lungs, and the immunological system. Adding Liquorice to chicken diets improves their productivity in several ways, including fostering organ growth and stimulating digestion and appetite. Liquorice has many beneficial effects on birds, including helping them grow larger bodies, cleansing their systems, and protecting them from free radicals, bacteria, and inflammation. In this article, we'll look at the chemical make-up of liquorice herb, its role in protecting poultry health, and its recent applications and benefits

Healthy animals, healthy people: lived experiences of zoonotic febrile Illness in northern Tanzania

In the recognition that 75 percent of all emerging human infectious diseases in the past three decades originated in animals, many prominent veterinary and human health scientists have subscribed to the ‘One Health’ approach as a basis for redressing human diseases, animal diseases and environmental degradation worldwide (Rock et al., 2009). At its core, ‘One Health’ recognises the interconnectedness of humans, animals and the environment and thus calls for cross-sectoral, collaborative and integrative approaches to reducing disease burdens that arise at this interface. However, while the approach appears to be all encompassing in terms of interdisciplinary science, scant attention has been paid to the relationship between disease and society (Dzingirai et al., 2017). Endemic zoonoses, for example, disproportionately affects those in underprivileged communities and has significant impacts on rural livelihoods (Halliday et al., 2015). These diseases highlight how complex systems of health, poverty and politic collide, resulting in ‘structural violence’ (Galtung, 1969) and avoidable suffering for those who are already marginalised. Through adopting a mixed methods ethnography, this thesis offers insight into the lived experiences of livestock and human febrile illness (many of which are zoonotic) in an agropastoral community in northern Tanzania. I trace, in detail, the health seeking strategies undertaken to remedy illness, from recognition of symptoms through to engaging with public and veterinary health systems. By adopting a biosocial approach to this research, I am able to scrutinise the ways in which health-related behaviours are socially mediated. In doing so I uncover how ‘structural violence’ (Galtung, 1969) is deeply embedded within health systems and ultimately embodied by livestock keepers when pursuing health care for themselves and their livestock. This thesis hopes to provide a more critical theorisation of health seeking by highlighting the ways in which animal and human illness is experienced within prevailing social, political and economic dynamics. This has the potential to contribute to social science scholarship within One Health by taking a more nuanced view of the material conditions in which people live that shape their ability to effectively pursue animal and human health and wellbeing